Fluid energy mill, also known as jet mill or micronizing, is a size reduction method that operates through particle impaction and attrition. Figure 1 illustrates a form of a fluid energy mill. Both circular and oval-path designs are available for this type of milling. Construction and working of Fluid Energy Mill In the fluid-energy […]
A hammer mill carries out size reduction by using impact. Hammer mills consist of a series of four or more hammers hinged on a central shaft which is enclosed within a rigid metal case (fig.1). The material is fed at the top or center, thrown out centrifugally, and ground by the impact of the hammers […]
A ball mill is an example of a comminution method which produces size reduction by both impact and attrition of particles. The ball mill consists of a horizontally rotating hollow vessel of cylindrical shape with the length slightly greater than its diameter. The mill is partially filled with balls of steel or pebbles, which act […]
Comminution, or size reduction, is the operation carried out for reducing the size of bigger particles into smaller ones of the desired size and shape with the help of external forces. Moreover, the function of size reduction may be to aid efficient processing of solid particles. Additionally, it facilitates powder mixing or the production of […]
Bulges and spurs represent complex hysteresis loops observed in pharmaceutical dispersions when sheared in a viscometer. In this process, the shear rate, rather than the shear stress, is increased to a certain point and then decreased, with shear stress measured at each shear rate to create the appropriate rheograms. Figures 4 and 5 illustrate two […]
When the rate of shear is progressively increased and plotted against the resulting shear stress, various types of behaviors can be observed. One might assume that if the rate of shear were reduced after reaching the desired maximum, the downcurve would match the upcurve. In other words, the downcurve would be identical to and superimposable […]