The concentration of hydrogen or hydroxyl ions in solutions of acids or bases may be expressed as gram-ions per liter or as moles per liter. A solution containing 17.008 g of hydroxyl ions or 1.008 g of hydrogen ions per liter is said to contain 1 gram-ion or 1 mole of hydroxyl or hydrogen ions […]
A weak base is one that, when dissolved in water, only partially dissociates. As a result, the aqueous solution contains a relatively small amount of hydroxide ions and the corresponding base ions, while most of the base remains in its undissociated molecular form. Common examples of weak bases include ammonia (NH3), baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, […]
Weak acids are acids that do not completely dissociate into their ions when dissolved in water. Instead, they partially ionize, meaning only a fraction of the acid molecules release hydrogen ions (H+) into the solution. The rest of the molecules remain in their undissociated form. This creates an equilibrium between the undissociated acid and its […]
Theories of acids and bases have evolved over time to explain their chemical behavior and interactions in various contexts. The most prominent theories include Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. Each theory builds upon its predecessors, providing deeper insight into the nature of acids and bases. Below is an introduction to these major theories: Arrhenius Theory […]