The appropriate size of particulate solids is important to achieve the optimal formulation and production of safe and effective medicines. When a drug is synthesized and formulated, the particle size of the drug and other powders in the formulation is determined. This will ultimately impact the physical performance of the drug product (medicine) and the […]
Colloidal silicon dioxide is widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products. Its small particle size and large specific surface area give it desirable flow characteristics that are exploited to improve the flow properties of dry powders in a number of processes such as tableting and capsule filling. Applications Of Colloidal Silicon Dioxide Colloidal silicon […]
Elixirs are clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use. The main ingredients in elixirs are ethanol and water but glycerin, sorbitol, propylene glycol, f lavoring agents, preservatives, and syrups are often used in the preparation of the final product. Preparation of Elixirs Elixirs are usually prepared by simple solution with agitation and/or […]
Tinctures are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances. They vary in method of preparation, strength of the active ingredient, alcoholic content, and intended use in medicine or pharmacy. When they are prepared from chemical substances (e.g., iodine, thimerosal), tinctures are prepared by simple solution of the chemical agent in […]
Elixirs are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use and are usually flavored to enhance their palatability. Nonmedicated elixirs are employed as vehicles, and medicated elixirs are used for the therapeutic effect of the medicinal substances they contain. Compared with syrups, elixirs are usually less sweet and less viscous because they contain a lower […]
Preparation of syrups is done by one of four general methods, depending on the physical and chemical characteristics of the ingredients. Methods of syrups preparation Broadly stated, these methods are: Solution of the ingredients with the aid of heat. Solution of the ingredients by agitation without the use of heat or the simple admixture of […]
Syrups are concentrated aqueous preparations of a sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances. Syrups containing flavoring agents but not medicinal substances are called nonmedicated or flavored vehicles (syrups). These syrups are intended to serve as pleasant-tasting vehicles for medicinal substances to be added in the extemporaneous compounding of prescriptions […]
A solution, is a homogeneous, molecular, mixture of two or more components. The simplest solution consists of two components, a solute dissolved in a solvent. The solute and the solvent could be in the solid, liquid or gaseous states of matter. Most commonly, pharmaceutical solutions are preparations in which the solid solutes, i.e. drug and […]
Protein binding (PB) plays an important role in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug. The extent of protein binding in the plasma or tissue controls the volume of distribution and affects both hepatic and renal clearance. In many cases, the free drug concentration, rather than the total concentration in plasma, is correlated to the […]
Ostwald ripening is a phenomenon that occurs in suspensions, involving changes in particle size distribution and the polymorphic form of a drug. In this process, smaller crystal particles dissolve and then redeposit onto larger crystals, leading to the growth of larger particles over time. Mechanism and Mathematical Description of Ostwald Ripening Particle growth is a […]