A particle population which consists of spheres or equivalent spheres of the same diameter is said to be monodisperse or monosized, and its characteristics can be described by a single diameter or equivalent sphere diameter. However, it is unusual for particles to be completely monodisperse, and such a sample will rarely, if ever, be encountered […]
The appropriate size of particulate solids is important to achieve the optimal formulation and production of safe and effective medicines. When a drug is synthesized and formulated, the particle size of the drug and other powders in the formulation is determined. This will ultimately impact the physical performance of the drug product (medicine) and the […]
Colloidal silicon dioxide is widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products. Its small particle size and large specific surface area give it desirable flow characteristics that are exploited to improve the flow properties of dry powders in a number of processes such as tableting and capsule filling. Applications Of Colloidal Silicon Dioxide Colloidal silicon […]
Indicators may be considered as weak acids or weak bases that act like buffers and also exhibit color changes as their degree of dissociation varies with pH. For example, methyl red shows its full alkaline color, yellow, at a pH of about 6 and its full acid color, red, at about pH 4. Dissociation and […]
Elixirs are clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use. The main ingredients in elixirs are ethanol and water but glycerin, sorbitol, propylene glycol, f lavoring agents, preservatives, and syrups are often used in the preparation of the final product. Preparation of Elixirs Elixirs are usually prepared by simple solution with agitation and/or […]
Tinctures are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances. They vary in method of preparation, strength of the active ingredient, alcoholic content, and intended use in medicine or pharmacy. When they are prepared from chemical substances (e.g., iodine, thimerosal), tinctures are prepared by simple solution of the chemical agent in […]
The three primary states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. A fourth state of matter is the liquid crystalline state or mesophase. Liquid crystals (LCs) represent a unique state of matter existing between the ordered solid and disordered liquid states. Structure of Liquid Crystals The two main types of liquid crystals are termed smectic […]
Real gases behave like ideal gases in the limits of low pressures and high temperatures, but they deviate significantly at high pressures and low temperatures. The compressibility factor Z = PV/nRT is a convenient measure of the deviation from ideal gas behavior. If the ratio (Z = PV/nRT) is plotted against P at constant temperature, […]
An ideal gas is a fundamental theoretical model in chemistry and physics that simplifies the behavior of real gases. This hypothetical gas assumes molecules have negligible volume and experience no intermolecular forces, perfectly following kinetic theory principles. While no real gas is truly ideal, this model provides essential insights into pressure, volume, and temperature relationships […]
Matter makes up everything around us — from the air we breathe to the stars in the sky. But did you know it transforms between distinct states? In this guide, we’ll explore the fundamental states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas), their properties, real-world examples, and how they shape our universe. Perfect for students, educators, […]